Evidence collected for peer review of buckling-restrained braced frames in New Zealand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.54.3.197-210Abstract
Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) form a bracing system that provides lateral strength and stiffness to a building. These systems have been shown to provide larger energy dissipation in severe earthquake events compared to concentrically and eccentrically braced frames (CBFs and EBFs). However, unlike CBFs and EBFs there is no guidance document or specific instructions in regulatory standards for the design of buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) in New Zealand. This makes it difficult for structural engineers to be aware of all the strength and stability considerations required for the safe design of BRBFs. Currently, structural designs that include BRBFs require a peer-review to gain building compliance. The American standard ANSI/AISC 341-16 is the adopted document used in New Zealand for guidance in how to collect evidence showing a BRBF system will perform as intended. However, as ANSI/AISC 341-16 is not a governing document in New Zealand, instructions within the document are not enforced and can be made to fit within the constraints of a building project. By way of example, this paper presents the experimental test process and results acquired from pre-qualification testing of three different commercially available BRB architypes. Of the three BRB designs investigated, one failed prematurely due to global buckling. A manufacturing error was the likely cause of this premature failure. This failure highlights the need for strict quality control during fabrication. All remaining BRBs performed well, meeting the acceptance criteria set out in ANSI/AISC 341-16. Positive pre-qualification results meant the BRBs were installed in medium to high-rise buildings throughout New Zealand. The importance of sub-assemblage testing to assess the performance of a BRB and its frame components is also discussed. Finally, the capability of high fidelity modelling to supplemental physical testing is also presented.
References
Kimura KY and Takeda T (1976). "Tests on braces encased by mortar in-filled steel tubes". Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 1041-1042. (in Japanese)
Rabbat BG and Russell HG (1985). "Friction coefficient of steel on concrete or grout". Journal of Structural Engineering, 111(3): 505-515. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:3(505) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:3(505)
Watanabe A, Hitomi Y, Yaeki E, Wada A and Fujimoto M (1973). "Experimental study of elasto-plastic properties of precast concrete wall panels with built-in insulating braces". Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meetingy, Architectural Institute of Japan, pp. 1041-1044. (in Japanese)
Bruneau M, Uang C-M and Sabelli R (2011). "Ductile design of buckling-restrained braced frames" pp. 651-687 in Ductile Design of Steel Structures, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.
AISC (2016). "Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings - ANSI/AISC". American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).
CEN (2010). "European Committee for Standardization (CEN) EN15129:2010 Anti-Seismic Devices".
ECCS (1986). "Seismic Design, Recommended Testing Procedure for Assessing the Behaviour of Structural Steel Elements under Cyclic Loads". European Convention for Constructional Steelwork - Technical Committee 1, Vol. Structual saftey and loadings - Technical working Group 1.
Black C, Makris N and Aiken I (2002). "Component Testing, Stability Analysis and Characterization of Buckling-Restrained Unbonded Braces". Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Dunai L, Kaltenbach L, Kallo M, Kachichian M and Halasz A (2011). "Type Testing of Buckling-Restrained Braces According to EN 15129". Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
Wijanto S and Clifton GC (2014). "Experimental testing and design of BRB with bolted and pinned connections". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 47(4): 264-274. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.47.4.264-274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.47.4.264-274
Hikino T (2016). "Experimental study on remained fatigue of used BRB (Tohoku Earthquake)". Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, Architectural Institute of Japan. (in Japanese)
Tsai C-Y, Lin K-C, Tsai KC, Chen L-W and Wu A-C (2018). "Seismic performance analysis of BRBs and gussets in a full‐scale 2‐story BRB‐RCF specimen". Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 47(12): 2366-2389. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3073
Khoo H-H, Tsai K-C, Tsai C-Y and Wang K-J (2016). "Bidirectional substructure pseudo-dynamic tests and analysis of a full-scale two-story buckling-restrained braced frame". Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 45(7): 1085-1107. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2696
Tsai K-C, Wu A-C, Wei C-Y, Lin P-C, Chuang M-C and Yu Y-J (2014). "Welded end-slot connection and debonding layers for buckling-restrained braces". Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43: 785–1807. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2423
Fahnestock LA, Ricles JM and Sause R (2007). "Experimental evaluation of a large-scale buckling-restrained braced frame". Journal of Structural Engineering, 133(9): 1205-1214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:9(1205) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:9(1205)
Uriz P and Mahin S (2008). "Toward Earthquake-Resistant Design of Concentrically Braced Steel-Frame Structures". Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
Tremblay R, Bolduc P, Nevilee R and DeVall R (2006). "Seismic testing and performance of buckling-restrained bracing systems". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 33(2): 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-103
Takeuchi T and Wada A (2017). "Buckling-Restrained Braces and Applications". The Japan Society of Seismic Isolation, Japan.
NCREE (2014). "User Guide for BOD: Buckling-Restrained Brace and Connection Design Procedure". National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
Court-Patience D and Garnich M (2021). "FEA strategy for the realistic simulation of buckling-restrained braces". Journal of Structural Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-17 541X.0003033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003033
Court-Patience D (2021). "A Numerical Study of Structural Performance of Buckling-Restrained Braces and End Connections". PhD Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.