Performance of rocking frames with friction tension-only devices

Authors

  • Kiran Rangwani University of Canterbury
  • Gregory MacRae University of Canterbury
  • Geoffrey Rodgers University of Canterbury

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1583

Abstract

The implementation of a new friction tension-only “GripNGrab” device attached to a rocking steel frame is described. The device, when subject to significant tension dissipates energy via sliding in the frictional component. When the device is loaded in the compression direction, almost no compressive force is carried, but displacement occurs in the ratchetting component. This absence of any significant compressive force within the dissipative system means that the rocking frame will always recentre after uplift from earthquake shaking. A 9 m tall 4.75m wide 3-storey steel concentrically braced rocking frame is designed for low-damage seismic performance. Restoring forces are provided by (i) gravity, (ii) friction “GripNGrab” (GNG) tension-only dissipation devices at the base, and (iii) beam-slab effects. The initial fundamental period of the structure was 0.16s. The initial structure used a 10mm GNG ratchet pitch, and had a GNG strength to not slide under serviceability level shaking. Elastic, pushover, cyclic pushover, as well as time history analyses, with different shaking intensities are conducted using OpenSEES software. The scope of work is limited to a single building and a single ground motion. Parameters varied included the presence of beam-slab effects, and the GNG device stiffness, strength and tooth pitch.

It is shown that the full behaviour of the frame could be understood considering cyclic pushover analysis. The peak uplift displacement was conservatively estimated from the peak roof displacement using rigid body mechanics and the tension-only device provided no resistance to full frame recentring. For the frames considered, cumulative uplift displacements, necessary to determine the inelastic displacement capacity of the tension only device, were up to 28 times the peak uplift displacement, not necessarily occurring at the maximum shaking intensity. Maximum frame base shear force demands were up to 1.43 times that from pushover analysis. When the beam-slab, connecting the rocking frame to the rest of the structure, increased the lateral force resistance, the base shear increased significantly, reduced peak roof displacements, and increased the effective number of peak uplift displacement cycles (NPUDc). For large shaking intensities, yielding of the beam-slab occurred resulting in permanent peak roof and uplift displacements. The GNG device strength, stiffness and tooth pitch variations for the cases studied did not significantly affect the response. Initial stiffness, and secant stiffness, based methods to predict the response of rocking frames were non-conservative for these short-period structures with small energy dissipation, and a simple improvement to match the behaviour was developed for the case studied based on the R-T-m relationship for a range of shaking intensity.

Author Biographies

Kiran Rangwani, University of Canterbury

Kiran is a doctoral candidate specializing in Structural and Earthquake Engineering. Kiran's research lies in low damage construction of steel structures, confined masonry structures, reinforced concrete structures, earthquake engineering, and structural dynamics.

Her current research focuses on the Implementation of Tension-Only (GripNGrab) Friction Devices in Steel Rocking Seismic Frames. This is a ROBUST (RObust BUilding SysTems) project which involves the testing of a 3-story full-scale building system on the International laboratory of Earthquake Engineers (ILEE) shaking table. In this project, she is working on technical aspects related to the overall behavior of friction (rocking) frames with the novel design of GripNGrab (GNG) dissipators and assisting her supervisors with the overall project management for the efficient functioning of the ROBUST project. Focus on such low damage steel structures will help in the reconstruction of the society buildings with earthquake-resistant steel structures.  

Gregory MacRae, University of Canterbury

Greg MacRae has been teaching and researching structural and earthquake engineering since 1986 in Japan, the USA, India, China and New Zealand. He was initiated into Chi Epsilon at the University of Washington, Seattle, for teaching excellence and he has coordinated, or taught, short courses on earthquake design in Myanmar with the World Seismic Safety Initiative, as well as in India.

Having previously worked with the structural engineering division of Morrison Cooper and Partners, Wellington, he is a registered professional engineer in Washington State. He continues his close involvement with the profession through collaborative projects, standards committees, and as a consultant. MacRae led the University of Canterbury Structural Engineering Cluster, has been on the Quake Centre Board, on the Structural Engineering Society management committee, and the NZ representative to the International Association of Earthquake Engineering.

MacRae’s research has been incorporated into standards in the USA, Japan and New Zealand, and it has directly influenced decisions regarding major buildings and bridges around the work.

He currently leads the ROBUST project, testing a 3-storey steel frame with non-skeletal elements on the ILEE shaking tables, collaborating with Tongji University, China and over 8 other NZ institutions. Editorial roles are with the Bulletin of the NZ Society for Earthquake Engineering, with the Journal of Earthquake Engineering, and formerly with the American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) Journal of Structural Engineering.

Greg was an author for the Royal Commission on the Canterbury Earthquakes and has been a director of the board of the World Seismic Safety Initiative (WSSI) as well as senior advisor to the board.

  • Steel structure design
  • Earthquake engineering
  • Structural dynamics
  • Low damage construction
  • PREstressed Structural Seismic systems (PRESSS)
  • Friction connections
  • Loss Estimation

Geoffrey Rodgers, University of Canterbury

Professor Rodgers specialises in dynamic system modelling, instrumentation and control for applications from earthquake engineering to biomedicine. While these may initially seem like disparate research areas, the fundamental mechanics and the key skill set required are closely similar. His research in structural damping devices has seen uptake by the profession, progressing from an initial concept through development, modelling, experiments, and finally deployment within the Christchurch rebuild and internationally, enabling improvements in building resilience.

His research in bioengineering seeks to create a meaningful difference to the quality of life of joint replacement patients. His bioengineering research includes dynamic measurement, signal processing, non-linear modelling, video motion tracking, and gait analysis/biomechanics. Projects include acoustic monitoring of total hip replacement implants and lung mechanics, as well as computational optimisation of orthopaedic implant design.

He has also undertaken structural monitoring, assessing the performance of buildings through the Canterbury earthquake sequence, through international linkages with UCLA, Texas A&M, and Duke Universities.

He has also undertaken major international projects with the International Joint Research Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering at Tongji University in Shanghai. These major internationally collaborative projects utilise international testing facilities well beyond anything available within NZ. He has two additional ongoing projects to undertake large-scale experimental tests at the same shake-table test facility.

His research has received numerous awards and featured in media, including the BBC, German TV, Radio NZ, Australasian Science Magazine, and The Press.

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01-06-2023

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Rangwani, K., MacRae, G. ., & Rodgers, G. . (2023). Performance of rocking frames with friction tension-only devices. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 56(2), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1583

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