Review of recently constructed concrete wall-steel frame hybrid buildings

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1602

Abstract

Around New Zealand there has been an increasing trend of ‘hybrid’ multi-storey buildings that combine reinforced concrete walls with structural steel framing systems. This study aims to characterise and understand this type of building, focusing on buildings constructed in Auckland and Christchurch from 2014 onwards. Drawings from a total of 50 buildings were reviewed, and their structural features were documented, including building use, building height, lateral load resisting system, ductility, wall configuration, wall construction method, steel framing system and suspended floor system. Meetings with structural engineers were conducted to validate the review findings and to further understand design principles and decisions that lead to these outcomes. A typology comprising five building types with distinct lateral load-resisting systems was proposed based on the building review. Results showed regional differences between Auckland and Christchurch, owing to building use and seismic hazard in the respective cities. Auckland buildings surveyed tended to be residential buildings five storeys or higher made of precast walls connected with steel beams. Christchurch buildings, on the other hand, were primarily commercial buildings three to seven storeys high with dual frame-wall systems. Structural connections between steel frames and concrete walls were also documented, showing that bolted connections with headed stud embedment were most common. The results can be used to identify critical aspects of these mixed structural systems for further investigation and to develop archetype building designs that can be used for modelling and testing.

Author Biographies

Claire Pascua, The University of Auckland

PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Rick Henry, The University of Auckland

Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Charlotte Toma, The University of Auckland

Lecturer, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

References

Bruneau M and MacRae G (2017). “Reconstructing Christchurch: A Seismic Shift in Building Structural Systems”. The Quake Center, University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.763.11

Standards NZ (2006). “NZS3101: Concrete Structures Standard Part 1: The Design of Concrete Structures”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, 309 pp.

Standards NZ (1997). “NZS3404: Steel Structures Standard Part 1”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington.

Hou G, Chen B, Miao Q, Liu X and Huang J (2006). “Design and research on composite steel and concrete frame-core wall structure”. Jianzhu Jiegou Xuebao, Journal of Building Structures, 27(2): 1–9.

Jiang HJ, Fu B and Liu LE (2012). “Seismic performance evaluation of a steel-concrete hybrid frame-tube high- rise building structure”. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 137: 149–153. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.137.149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.137.149

Liu A and Zhou D (2005). “Experimental study on seismic behavior of semi-rigid connection between steel beam and concrete wall”. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 4(1): 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-005-0031-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-005-0031-x

Zhou X and Li G (2010). “Shaking table model test of a steel-concrete composite high-rise building”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 14(4): 601–625. https://doi.org/10. 1080/13632460903193949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460903193949

Hawkins NM, Mitchell D and Roeder CW (1980). “Moment resisting connections for mixed construction”. Engineering Journal, 17(1): 1–10.

Roeder CW and Hawkins NM (1981). “Connections between steel frames and concrete walls”. Engineering Journal, 18(1): 22–29.

Shahrooz BM, Deason JT and Tunc G (2004). “Outrigger beam-wall connections. I: component testing and development of design model”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(2): 253. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:2(253) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:2(253)

Shahrooz BM, Tunc G and Deason JT (2004). “Outrigger beam-wall connections. II: Subassembly testing and further modeling enhancements”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(2): 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:2(262) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:2(262)

Garcia R, Sullivan T and Della Corte G (2010). “Development of a displacement-based design method for steel frame-RC wall buildings”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 14(2): 252–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460902995138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460902995138

Zhang L and Guo F (2004). “Review of seismic research on steel-concrete mixed structures”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 24(2): 51–56.

Crawford SF and Kulak GL (1971). “Eccentrically loaded bolted connections”. Journal of the Structural Division, 97(3): 765–783. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0002844 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0002844

Dai SB, Huang J, Zhang LQ and Zhu J (2007). “Research on mechanical performance of high strength bolt connection joint between steel beam and concrete wall”. Wuhan Ligong Daxue Xuebao, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 29(11): 103–107.

GIC (2020). “GIC acquires LG Twin Towers in Beijing”. https://www.gic.com.sg/news-and-resources/gic- acquires-lg-twin-towers-in-beijing/

Sritharan S, Beyer K, Henry RS, Chai YH, Kowalsky M and Bull D (2014). "Understanding poor seismic performance of concrete walls and design implications". Earthquake Spectra, 30(1): 307-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/021713EQS036M

Shegay AV, Dashti F, Hogan L, Lu Y, Niroomandi A, Seifi, P, Zhang T, Dhakal RP, Elwood KJ, Henry RS and Pampanin S (2020). “Research programme on seismic performance of reinforced concrete walls: Key recommendations”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 53(2): 54-69. https://doi.org/10.5459%2FBNZSEE.53.2.54-69 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.53.2.54-69

Fikri R, Dizhur D and Ingham J (2018). “Typological study and statistical assessment of parameters influencing earthquake vulnerability of commercial RCFMI buildings in New Zealand”. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 17(4): 2011–2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00523-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00523-x

Gautam D, Fabbrocino G and de Magistris FS (2018). “Derive empirical fragility functions for Nepali residential buildings”. Engineering Structures, 171: 617–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.018

Lang DH, Kumar A, Sulaymanov S and Meslem A (2018). “Building typology classification and earthquake vulnerability scale of Central and South Asian building stock”. Journal of Building Engineering, 15: 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.11.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.11.022

Russell AP and Ingham JM (2010). “Prevalence of New Zealand’s unreinforced masonry buildings”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 43(3): 182–201. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.3.182-201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.3.182-201

Tingatinga EAJ, Pacheco BM, Hernandez JYJ, Pascua MCL, Tan LRE, Suiza RM, Mata WL, Longalong REU, Ignacio UJP and Germar FJ (2019). “Development of seismic vulnerability curves of key building types in the Philippines”. New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Conference.

Brzev S, Scawthorn C, Charleson AW, Allen L, Greene M, Jaiswal K and Silva V (2013). “GEM Building Taxonomy Version 2.0”. Technical Report, GEM Foundation, Pavia, Italy. https://doi.org/10.13117/gem.exp-mod.tr2013.02

Federal Emergency Management Agency (2013). Hazus®- MH 2.1 Advanced Engineering Building Module (AEBM) Technical and User’s Manual. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C.

RiskScape (2010). “RiskScape User Manual”. https://wiki.riskscape.org.nz/index.php/Overview

Uma SR, Bothara J, Jury R and King A (2008). “Performance assessment of existing buildings in New Zealand”. New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Annual Conference.

Statistics New Zealand (2019). “High-density housing on the rise”. https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/high-density-housing-on-the-rise

Christchurch City Council (2017). “Christchurch District Plan”. https://districtplan.ccc.govt.nz/pages/plan/book.aspx?exhibit=DistrictPlan

Auckland Council (2016). “Auckland Unitary Plan”. https://unitaryplan.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/pages/plan/Book.aspx?exhibit=AucklandUnitaryPlan_Print

Brooke NJ (2015). “How nominal is a structure’s ductility”. The New Zealand Concrete Industry Conference.

ACI (2011). “ACI 318-11: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary”. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., ISBN 9780870317446.

Hogan L, Henry R and Ingham J (2018). “Performance of panel-to-foundation connections in low-rise precast concrete buildings”. SESOC Journal, 31(1): 26–36.

Downloads

Published

01-06-2023

How to Cite

Pascua, M. C. L., Henry, R., & Toma, C. (2023). Review of recently constructed concrete wall-steel frame hybrid buildings. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 56(2), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1602

Issue

Section

Articles

Categories