Developments in design of wood structures for earthquake resistance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.16.2.156-161Abstract
This paper briefly describes the major factors affecting the behaviour of wood structures in earthquakes. Recent developments in timber engineering have resulted in increasing interest in wood as an engineering material, which is being extended to earthquake resistance of wood structures, particularly in New Zealand. This paper suggests how recent advances in timber engineering and earthquake engineering can be combined to produce improvements in the design of wood structures for seismic regions.
References
Anderson, L.O. & J.A. Liska. Wood Structure Performance in an Earthquake in Alaska. USDA for. Serv. Res. Paper FPL 16, 1965.
Applied Technology Council. Proceedings of a Workshop on Design of Horizontal Wood Diaphragms, Palo Alto, ATC Publication 7-1, 1981.
Applied Technology Council, Tentative Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for Buildings. Chapter 9., ATC Publication 3-06, 1978 .
Architectural Institute of Japan, Design Essentials in Earthquake Resistant Buildings, Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, 1970.
Barrett, D.J., R.O. Foschi & S.P. Fox., Perpendicular to Grain Strength of Douglas-Fir., Can. J. Civ. Eng., 2: 50-57, 1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l75-005
Barrett, D.J. & R.O. Foschi., Duration of Load and Probability of Failure in Wood. Parts I & II Can. J. Civ. Eng., 5:505-532, 1978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l78-057
Bohannon, B. Effect of Size on Bending Strength of Wood Members. USDA, For. Serv. Res. Paper FPL 56. 1966.
Breyer, D.E. Wood Structures, McGraw Hill, New York, 1980.
Bryant, A.H., J.A. Gibson, T.N. Mitchell, & S.J. Thurston, Nailed Moment Joints in Timber Structures, Bull. N.Z. Nat. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 14(4), 1981.
Canadian Standards Association, Code for Engineering Design in Wood. CAN3-086-M8Q. 1980.
Carney, J.M. Bibliography on Wood and Plywood Diaphragms. Proc. ASCE. 101 (ST11) : 2423-2436 . 1975.
Chopra, A.K. & N.M. Newmark, Analysis Chapter 2 of Design of Earthquake Resistant Structures (E. Rosenblueth, Ed.) John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980.
Cooney, R.C. The Structural Performanance of Houses in Earthquakes. Bull. N.Z. Nat. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 12(3): 223-237, 1979.
Cooney, R.C. & M.J. Collins, A. Wall Bracing Test and Evaluation Procedure Technical Paper P21. Building Research Association of N.Z. 1979.
Dowrick, D.J. Earthquake Resistant Design. John Wiley and Sond, London 1977.
Easley, J.T., M. Foomani & R.H. Dodds. Formulas for Plywood Shear Walls. Proc. ASCE 108(ST11):2460-2478. 1982.
Foschi, R.O. Analysis of Plywood Diaphragms and Trusses. Part I : Diaphragms. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 4:345-352. 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l77-043
Foschi, R.O. Structural Analysis of Wood Floor Systems. Proc. ASCE 108 (ST7):1557-1574. 1982.
Foschi, R.O. & J.D. Barrett. Longitudinal Shear Strength of Douglas-Fir. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 3:198-208. 1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l76-020
Gupta, A.K. (Ed.) Seismic Performance of Low Rise Buildings, State-of-the- Art & Research Needs. Proc. Work- shop at Illinois Inst. Tech. 1980 ASCE 1981.
Johns, K.C. and B. Madsen, Duration of Load Effects in Lumber. Parts I, II, III. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 9:502-536. 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l82-060
Keenan, F.J. The Earthquake Resistance of Timber Construction. Proc. Int. Conf. on Eng. for Protection from Natural Disasters. Asian Inst. Technology, Bangkok. 1980.
Kivell, B.T., P.J. Moss & A.J. Carr, Hysteretic Modelling of Moment- Resisting Nailed Timber Joints. Bull. N.Z. Nat. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 14(4): 233-243. 1981.
Krueger, P.G. Ultimate Strength Design of Reinforced Timber. Wood Sci. 6(2): 175-187. 1973.
Leicester, R.H., C.A. Seath & L. Pham. The Fire Resistance of Metal Connectors, Proc. 19th For. Prod. Res. Conf. Australia, 1979 .
Lie, T.T. A Method of Assessing the Fire Resistance of Laminated Timber Beams & Column. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 4:161-169. 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l77-021
Madsen, B. In-Grade Testing, Problem Analysis. For. Prod. J. 28(4): 42-50. 1978.
Madsen, B. Recommended Moisture Adjustment Factors for Lumber Stresses. Can. J. Civ. Eng. Accepted for Publication 1982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l82-070
Medearis, K. Structural Dynamics of Plywood Shear Walls. Wood Sci. 3(2): 106-110. 1970.
Mitchell, T.N. Seismic Design of Timber Structures. Proc. South Pacific Regional Conference on Earthquake Engineering, pp. 716-740 Wellington, N.Z. 1979.
National Building Code of Canada. National Research Council, 1980.
Park, R. & T. Paulay, Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1975. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172834
Paulay, T. Developments in the Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Frames in New Zealand. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 8:91-113, 1981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l81-016
Riberholt, H. Steel Bolts Glued into Glulam. Proc. IUFRO Wood Engineering Group S5.02. Oxford, U.K. 1980.
Smith, P.C., Design Aspects of a Four Storey Timber Building. Newsletter N.Z. Timber Design Society. 8:7-28, 1982.
Spencer, R. Rate of Loading Effect in Bending for Douglas-Fir Lumber. Proc. First Int. Conf. on Wood Fracture, pp 259-279. Forintek Canada Corp. Vancouver, B.C. 1979.
Standards Association of New Zealand. Fire Resisting Construct- ion and Means of Egress. NZS 1900 Chapter 5, 1978.
Standards Association of New Zealand. Fire Resistance Rating of Load Bearing Timber Elements. MP 9/8:1980.
Standards Association of New Zealand. Code of Practice for Timber Design. NZS 3603:1981.
Standards Association of New Zealand, Code of Practice for Light Timber Buildings Not Requiring Specific Design. NZS 3604:1978.
Standards Association of New Zealand. Code of Practice for General Structural Design and Design Loads for Buildings. NZS 4203:1976.
Steinbrugge, K.V. Earthquake Damage and Structural Performance in the United States, Chapter 9 of Earthquake Engineering (R.L. Weigel, Ed.), Prentice Hall, 1970.
Study Group for the Seismic Design of Timber Structures. Newsletter No. 1. Min. of Works and Development. Hamilton, New Zealand, 1982.
Thurston, S.J. Cyclic Loading of Large Timber T-Joints Incorporating Nailed Steel Side Plates. Report 5-79/6. Ministry of Works and Development, Wellington, New Zealand, 1979 .
Timber Design Manual, Laminated Timber Institute ,of Canada, 1980.
Tissell, J.R. & J.R. Elliott, Plywood Diaphragms, Research-Report 138. American Plywood Association, 1982.
Walford, G.B. Derivation of Design Loads for Timber Fasteners. News- letter No. 5:5-15, New Zealand Timber Design Society, 1981.
Wilkinson, T.L. Vibrational Loading of Mechanically Fastened Wood Joints, USDA For. Serv. Res. Paper FPL 274, 1976.