Survey of impacts on the Andaman coast, southern Thailand following the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and tsunami of December 26, 2004
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.38.3.123-148Abstract
This report on the Sumatra-Andaman great earthquake and tsunami of December 26, 2004 describes the event and its impacts in southern Thailand. It includes the observations of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Reconnaissance Team gathered one month after the event. The report covers the effects of the tsunami on the natural and built environment, and the recovery process in relation to social and economic issues. Lessons applicable to the understanding and potential mitigation of tsunami risk in New Zealand are presented and discussed.
References
Bangkok Metropolitan Authority Building Regulations (2001), BE 2544
Bangkok Post, (30/12/2004). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2004.tb02706.x
Bangkok Post (13/01/05). Resort Owners Vow to Rebuild: Khao Lak sadly surveys the damage.
Bilham, R. (2005). "A Flying Start, Then a Slow Slip". Science 308, 1126-1127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1113363
Bilham, R., Engdahl, E.R., Feldl, N., and Satyabala S.P. (in press, 2005) "Partial and Complete Rupture of the Inda-Andaman plate boundary 1847-2004". Seismological Research Letters http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/lndonesiAndaman20_04_files/AndamanSRL4Mar.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.76.3.299
Borrero, J.C. (2005). "Field Data and Satellite Imagery of Tsunami Effects in Banda Aceh". Science 308,1596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110957
Cummings. J. (2005). Andaman Coast Post-Tsunami Landscape Island Recovery. Tourism Authority Thailand. hnp://www.tatnews.org
Cummins, P., and Leonard, M. (2004). "Small Threat but Warning Sounded for Tsunami Research". AUSGEO News, September 2004, Issue No. 75.
DCOMM (2005). Aper the Trnnami: In Thailand, the tourist industry fights back. Department of Communication, Thailand. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inf/features/05/tsunami_thai.htm
EEFIT (2005). The Indian Ocean Tsunami 26th December, 2004. http://www.istructe.org.uk/eefit/files/Indian_Ocean_Tsunami.pdf
EIU (2005). Asia's Tsunami: the Impact. The Economist Intelligence Unit Special Report. London.
FES and MAC (2005). Tsunami Impact on Workers in Thailand. http://www.fes-thailand.org
Guy Carpenter (2005). Tsunami:lndian Ocean event and investigation into potential global risks. http://www.guycarp.com/portal/extranet/pdf/Tsunami_Report_Final.pdf
Jantraprapaweth, V. (2005). "Thailand offers tax breaks to ruined tourist mecca" Tiscali News 02/01/2005, http://www.tiscali.co.uk/news/newswire.php/news/reuters/2005/01/02/world/thailandofferstaxbrcakstoruinedtouristmecca.html.
Kateruttanakul, P., Paovilai, W., Kongsaengdao, S., Bunnag, S., Atipornwanich, K., and Siriwatanakul, N. (2005). "Respiratory Complication of Tsunami Victims in Phuket and Phang-Nga", J. Med Assoc Thai 2005; 88(6): 754-8. http://www.medassocthai.org/journal/files/Vol88_N06_754.pdf
Kyoto University Reconnaissance Team (2005). http://www.drs.dpri.kyotou.ac.jp/sumatra/thailand/phuket_survey_e.html
Lay, T., Kanamori, H., Ammon, CJ., Nettles, M., Ward, S.N., Aster, R.C., Beck, S.L., Bilek, S.L., Brudzinski, M.R., Butler, R., DeShon, H.R., Ekstrom, G., Satake, K., and Sipkin S. (2005). "The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004". Science 308, 1127-1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112250
Liu, P.L.F., Lynett, P., Fernando, H., Jaffe, B.E., Fritz, H., Higman,B., Morton, R., Goff, J., and Synolakis, C. (2005). "Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka". Science 308, 1595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110730
Lukkunaprasit, P., and Ruangsassamee, A. (2005). "Observations on building performance in the Asian tsunami disaster and university roles" Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. http://www.soi.wide.ad.jp/soiasia/conference/tsunami/material/anat.pdf
Monday, J.L. (2002). "Building Back Better: Creating a sustainable community after disaster". Natural Hazards Informer3, 1-11. http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/informer/infrmr3/informer3.pdf
Munich Re (2005). "Annual Review: Natural Catastrophes 2004". Topics Geo Knowledge Series, 28-32. http://www.munichre.com/publications/302-04321_en.pdf
Newcomb, K.R and McCann, W.R. (1987). "Seismic history and seismotectonics of the Sunda Arc". Journal of Geophysical Research, 92:421-439.
New Zealand Government (2005). "NZ to help Thais with forensic work". www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=21947
Ni, S., Kanamori, H., and Helmberger, D. (2005). "Energy radiation from the Sumatra earthquake". Nature 434, 582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/434582a
NOAA (2005). http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tsunami/sumatra2004J226.html#FSD
Nutalaya, P., Sodsri, S., and Arnold, E.P. (1985). "Seismicity Data of Thailand and Adjacent Areas" (Part B) in Arnold, E.P. (ed.) Thailand, Series on Seismology Volume II, Southeast Asia Association of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 403 pp, ISBN 974-8202-13-5.
Ortiz, M. and Bilham, R. (2003). "Source area and rupture parameters of the 31 December 1881 Mw = 7.9 Car Nicobar earthquake estimated from tsunamis recorded in the Bay of Bengal". Journal of Geophysical Research 108 (B4) 2215. http://cires.colorado.edu/-bilham/Andaman.pdf
Phuket Gazette (04/06/05). "Airport numbers go into a tailspin".
Phuket Gazette (13/05/05). "968 Businesses Still Await Aid".
Phuket Gazette (17/5/05). "Tsunami cost B20billion in tourism revenue ".
Phuket Gazette (18/01/05). "TAT Planning 'Tsunami Trail· Tours".
Royal Thai Navy (1981). "Ban Thai Muang to Chong Pak Ko", Chart No. 353, Hydrographic Dept., Royal Thai Navy, Bangkok.
Ruangsassamee, A. and Lukkunaprasit, P. (2005). "Tsunami Induced Damage to Lifelines" Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. http://www.soi.wide.ad.jp/soiasia/conference/tsunami/material/panitan.pdf
Siffer, T. (2004). Echo sounder observations of tsunami transit offshore Phuket Island, Thailand. http://www.coastalresearch.nl/tsunamis.htm
Stein, S. and Okal, E.A. (2005). "Speed and size of the Sumatra earthquake". Nature 434, 581-582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/434581a
TAT (2005a). "Thailand Tourism Statistics". http://www2.tat.or.th/stat/web/static_index.php
TAT (2005b). "Andaman Tourism Recovery Plan 2005". Tourist Authority Thailand: www.tatnews.org
Thai Embassy DC (12/01/05). Press Release: Tsunami Waves in Southern Thailand: Relief Measures and Development. http://www.thaiembdc.org/pressctr/pr/Pr12Jan05.pdf
Thompson, J. (2005). "Thailand Tsunami – My Experience in Khao Lak - 26 December 2004" http://www.sonomacountylaw.com/tsunami/timeline.htm
Tsunami Lab (2005). http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226wave_h.htm
UNDP (2005a). United Nations Development Programme: Post Tsunami Report. http://wwwlundp.or.th/tsunami/tsunami.htm
UNDP (2005b). Build Back Better: New post-tsunami vision for Koh Lanta unveiled. United Nations Development Programme http://www.undp.or.th/tsunami/signinglanta.html
USGS (2005) http://www.earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/
Vigny, C., Simons, WJ.F., Abu, S., Bamphenyu, R., Satirapod, C., Choosakul, N., Subarya, C., Socquet, A., Omar, K, Abidin, H.Z., and Ambrosius, B.A.C. (2005). "Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in southeast Asia". Nature 436, 201-206 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7048/fu1/nature03937.html DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03937
WHO (04/01/05). Daily Update on Tsunami Disaster Relief:' Thailand. World Health Organisation Thailand.
Yalciner A.C., Perincek D., Ersoy S., Presateya G., Hidayat R., and McAdoo B., (2005). "Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on Jan 21-31 at North of Sumatra". http://yalciner.ce.metu.edu.tr/sumatra/survey/