Implications of cumulated seismic damage on the seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.47.2.157-170Abstract
The seismic capacity of a structure is a function of the characteristics of the system as well as of its state, which is mainly affected by previous damage and deterioration. The cumulative damage from repeated shocks (for example during a seismic sequence or due to multiple events affecting an unrepaired building stock) affects the vulnerability of masonry buildings for subsequent events. This paper proposes an analytical methodology for the derivation of state-dependent fragility curves, taking into account cumulated seismic damage, whilst neglecting possible ageing effects. The methodology is based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of an equivalent single degree of freedom system, properly calibrated to reproduce the static and dynamic behaviour of the structure. An application of the proposed methodology to an unreinforced masonry case study building is also presented. The effect of cumulated damage on the seismic response of this prototype masonry building is further studied by means of nonlinear dynamic analyses with the accelerograms recorded during a real earthquake sequence that occurred in Canterbury (New Zealand) between 2010 and 2012.
References
Rota, M., Penna, A. and Strobbia, C. (2008) “Processing Italian damage data to derive typological fragility curves”. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 28(10-11): 933-947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.10.010
Rota, M., Penna, A., Strobbia, C. and Magenes, G. (2011) “Typological seismic risk maps for Italy“. Earthquake Spectra 27(3): 907-926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3609850
Penna, A., Morandi, P., Rota, M., Manzini, C.F., da Porto, F., Magenes, G. (2014) “Performance of masonry buildings during the Emilia 2012 earthquake”. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9496-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9496-6
Dizhur, D., Ingham, J., Moon, L., Griffith, M., Schultz, A., Senaldi, I., Magenes, G., Dickie, J., Lissel, S., Centeno, J., Ventura, C., Leite, J., Lourenco, P. (2011) “Performance of masonry buildings and churches in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake“. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 44(4): 279-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.279-296
Senaldi, I., Magenes, G., Ingham, J.M. (2014) “Damage assessment of unreinforced stone masonry buildings after the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes”. International Journal of Architectural Heritage (in press). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.840688
Vamvatsikos, D., Dolsek, M. (2011) “Equivalent constant rates for performance-based seismic assessment of ageing structures”, Structural Safety 33(1): 8-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2010.04.005
Fotopoulou, S.D., Karapetrou, S.T. and Pitilakis, K.D. (2012) “Seismic vulnerability of RC buildings considering SSI and aging effects”. Proceedings of. 15WCEE, Lisboa, PT. Paper No. 5789
Iervolino, I., Giorgio, M. and Chioccarelli, E. (2013) “Gamma degradation models for earthquake-resistant structures”. Structural Safety 45: 43-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.09.001
Baker, J.W., Cornell, C.A. (2008) “Vector-valued intensity measures incorporating spectral shape for prediction of structural response”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering 12(4): 534-554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701673076
Jalayer, F., Asprone, D., Prota, A. and Manfredi, G. (2011) “A decision support system for post-earthquake reliability assessment of structures subjected to aftershocks: an application to L’Aquila earthquake, 2009”. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 9:997–1014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-010-9230-6
Iervolino, I., Giorgio, M. and Chioccarelli, E. (2013) “Closed-form aftershock reliability of damage-cumulating elastic-perfectly-plastic systems”. Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics 43(4): 613–625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2363
Luco, N., Bazzurro, P. and Cornell, A. (2004). “Dynamic versus Static Computation of the Residual Capacity of a Mainshock-Damaged Building to withstand an Aftershock”. Proceedings 13thWCEE ,Vancouver, Canada.
Réveillère, A., Gehl, P., Seyedi, D., Modaressi, H. (2012). “Development of seismic fragility curves for mainshock-damaged reinforced-concrete structures”. Proceedings 15th WCEE, Lisboa, Portugal.
Aschheim, M., Black, E. (1999) “Effects of prior earthquake damage on response of simple stiffness degrading structures”. Earthquake Spectra 15(1):1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586026
Amadio, C., Fragiacomo, M., Rajgelj, S. (2003) “The effects of repeated earthquake ground motions on the nonlinear response of SDOF systems”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 32(2):291–308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.225
Hatzigeorgious, G., Beskos, D. (2009) “Inelastic displacement ratios for SDOF structures subjected to repeated earthquakes”. Engineering Structures 31(11): 2744–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.07.002
Ryu, H., Luco, N., Uma, S.R. and Liel, A.B. (2011) "Developing fragilities for mainshock-damaged structures through incremental dynamic analysis". 9th Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, NZSEE, Auckland, New Zealand, Paper No. 225.
Raghunandan, M., Liel, A.B., Luco, N., Ryu, H. and Uma, S.R. (2012) “Aftershock Fragility Curves and Tagging Assessments for a Mainshock-Damaged Building”. Proceedings 15th WCEE, Lisboa, Portugal
Di Sarno, L. (2013) “Effects of multiple earthquakes on inelastic structural response”. Engineering Structures, 56: 673–681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.041
Fragiacomo, M., Amadio, C., Macorini, L. (2004) “Seismic response of steel frames under repeated earthquake ground motions”. Engineering Structures: 2021–2035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.08.005
ATC (1998) FEMA 306 - Evaluation of Earthquake-Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings: Basic Procedures Manual, Redwood City, Calif.
ATC (1998) FEMA 307 - Evaluation of Earthquake-Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings: Technical Resources, Redwood City, Calif.
Rota, M., Zuccolo, E., Taverna, L., Corigliano, M., Lai, C.G., Penna, A. (2012) “Mesozonation of the Italian territory for the definition of real spectrum-compatible accelerograms”. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 10(5): 1357-1375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9369-4
Corigliano, M., Lai, C.G., Rota, M. and Strobbia, C.L. (2012) “ASCONA: Automated Selection of Compatible Natural Accelerograms”. Earthquake Spectra 28(3): 965-987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000072
Smerzini, C., Galasso, C. and Paolucci, R. (2013). “Ground motion record selection based on broadband spectral compatibility”. Earthquake Spectra, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/052312EQS197M. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/052312EQS197M
Mouyiannou, A., Rota, M., Penna, A., Magenes, G. (2014) “Identification of suitable limit states from nonlinear dynamic analyses of masonry structures”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 18(2): 231 – 263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2013.842190
Rota, M., Penna, A. and Magenes, G. (2010) “A methodology for deriving analytical fragility curves for masonry buildings based on stochastic nonlinear analyses”. Engineering Structures 32(5): 1312-1323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.01.009
Yeo, G.L., Cornell, C.A. (2009). “Post-quake decision analysis using dynamic programming”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 38(1): 79-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.842
Galloway, B., Hare, J., Brunsdon, D., Wood, P., Lizundia, B., Stannard, M. (2014) “Lessons from the Post-Earthquake Evaluation of Damaged Buildings in Christchurch”, Earthquake Spectra 30(1): 451-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/022813EQS057M
Russell, A.P., Ingham, J.M. (2010) “Prevalence of New Zealand’s Unreinforced Masonry Buildings”, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 43(3): 182-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.3.182-201
Derakhshan, H., Griffith, M.C., Ingham, J.M. (2013) “Out-of-plane behavior of one-way spanning unreinforced masonry walls”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 139(4): 409-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000347
Lagomarsino, S. (2014) “Seismic assessment of rocking masonry structures”, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, DOI 10.1007/s10518-014-9609-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9609-x
Penna A., Rota, M., Mouyiannou A. and Magenes G. (2013). “Issues on the use of time-history analysis for the design and assessment of masonry structures”. Proc. COMPDYN2013, Kos Island, Greece, Paper No. 1327.
Magenes, G., Calvi, G.M. and Kingsley, G.R. (1995). “Seismic Testing of a Full-Scale, Two-Story Masonry Building: Test Procedure and Measured Experimental Response”. University of Pavia, Italy.
Penna, A., Lagomarsino, S. and Galasco, A. (2014). “A nonlinear macro-element model for the seismic analysis of masonry buildings”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 43(2): 159-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2335
Lagomarsino, S., Penna, A., Galasco, A. and Cattari S. (2013). “TREMURI program: an equivalent frame model for the nonlinear seismic analysis of masonry buildings”. Engineering Structures 56: 1787-1799.
Mazzon, N., Valluzzi, M.R., Aoki, T., Garbin, E., De Canio, G., Ranieri, N., Modena, C. (2009) “Shaking table tests on two multi-leaf stone masonry buildings”, Proc. 11th Canadian Masonry Symposium, Toronto.
Elmenshawi, A., Sorour, M., Mufti, A., Jaeger, L.G., Shrive, N. (2010) “Damping mechanisms and damping ratios in vibrating unreinforced stone masonry”, Engineering Structures 32(10), 3269–3278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.06.016
Graziotti, F. (2013) “Contributions towards a Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment of Masonry Structures”. Ph.D. Dissertation, UME School, Pavia.
Italian Building Code (2008). DM 14.01. 2008: Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni.
Costa, A.A., Penna, A., Magenes, G. (2011) “Seismic performance of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) masonry: from experimental testing of the in-plane capacity of walls to building response simulation”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 15(1): 1-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632461003642413
Tondelli, M., Rota, M., Penna, A. and Magenes, G. (2012) “Evaluation of uncertainties in the seismic assessment of existing masonry buildings”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 16(S1): 36-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2012.670578
Magenes, G., Penna, A. (2011) “Seismic design and assessment of masonry buildings in Europe: recent research and code development issues”, Keynote paper, Proceedings of the 9th Australasian Masonry Conference, Queenstown, New Zealand, 585-603.
Housner, G.W. (1959). “Behavior of structures during earthquakes”. Journal of the Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 85, No. EM14, 109-129.
Graziotti, F., Penna, A. and Magenes, G. (2013). “Use of equivalent SDOF systems for the evaluation of displacement demand for masonry buildings”. Proc. Of VEESD 2013, Vienna, Austria.
Bradley, B.A., Quigley, M.C., Van Dissen, R.J. and Litchfield, N.J. (2013) “Ground Motion and Seismic Source Aspects of the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence”, Earthquake Spectra, 30(1): 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/030113EQS060M
Moon, L., Dizhur D., Senaldi, I., Derakhshan, H., Griffith, M., Magenes, G. and Ingham, J. (2014) “The demise of the URM building stock in Christchurch during the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence”, Earthquake Spectra, 30(1): 253-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/022113EQS044M
