Performance of masonry buildings and churches in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.279-296Abstract
As part of the ‘Project Masonry’ Recovery Project funded by the New Zealand Natural Hazards Research Platform, commencing in March 2011, an international team of researchers was deployed to document and interpret the observed earthquake damage to masonry buildings and to churches as a result of the 22nd February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The study focused on investigating commonly encountered failure patterns and collapse mechanisms. A brief summary of activities undertaken is presented, detailing the observations that were made on the performance of and the deficiencies that contributed to the damage to approximately 650 inspected unreinforced clay brick masonry (URM) buildings, to 90 unreinforced stone masonry buildings, to 342 reinforced concrete masonry (RCM) buildings, to 112 churches in the Canterbury region, and to just under 1100 residential dwellings having external masonry veneer cladding. In addition, details are provided of retrofit techniques that were implemented within relevant Christchurch URM buildings prior to the 22nd February earthquake and brief suggestions are provided regarding appropriate seismic retrofit and remediation techniques for stone masonry buildings.
References
GeoNet. (2010). M 7.1, Darfield (Canterbury), September 4 2010. Retrieved on 12th July 2011. Available from: http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/historic-earthquakes/top-nz/quake-13.html
GeoNet. (2011). Feb M 6.3, Christchurch, February 22 2011. Retrieved on 12th July 2011 Available from: http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/historic-earthquakes/top-nz/quake-14.html
IPENZ. (2011). Christchurch Earthquake Fact Sheets. Retrieved on 12th July 2011 http://www.ipenz.org.nz/ipenz/forms/pdfs/ChChFactSheets-Overview.pdf
Russell, A. P. & Ingham, J. M. (2010). “Prevalence of New Zealand‟s Unreinforced Masonry Buildings”, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 182-201.
Dizhur, D., Ismail, N., Knox, C., Lumantarna, R. & Ingham, J. (2010). “Performance of unreinforced and retrofitted masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield earthquake”, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 321-339.
Ingham, J. & Griffith, M. (2011). “Performance of unreinforced masonry buildings during the 2010 Darfield (Christchurch, NZ) earthquake”, Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 207-224.
Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) (2011). Demolition Lists. Retrieved on 26th July 2011. Available from www.cera.govt.nz/demolitions/list
Dizhur, D., Ingham, J. & Griffith, M. (2010). “The performance of unreinforced masonry chimneys in the 2010 Darfield Earthquake”, NZSEE Clearing House. Retrieved on 12th July 2011. Available from: http://db.nzsee.org.nz:8080/documents/10533/5332db95-32f8-47ab-b1af-bfde01f6d9b3
SNZ (2002) “NZS 1170.0:2002 Structural design actions – New Zealand.” Standards New Zealand.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements” E488-96, ASTM International, Pennsylvania, United States.
Binda, L., Modena, C., Baronio, G. & Gelmi, A. (1994). “Experimental qualification of injection admixtures used for repair and strengthening of stone masonry walls”, 10th Int. Brick/Block Masonry Conf., Calgary, Vol. 2, pp. 539-548.
Vintzileou, E. & Tassios, T. P. (1995). “Three-leaf stone masonry strengthened by injecting cement grouts”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 5, pp. 848-856.
Valluzzi, M. R., da Porto, F. & Modena, C. (2004). “Behavior and modeling of strengthened three-leaf stone masonry walls”, Materials and Structure, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 184-192.
Valluzzi, M. R. (2007). “On the vulnerability of historical masonry structures: analysis and mitigation”, Materials and Structures, Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 723–743.
Augenti, N. & Parisi, F. (2010). “Learning from construction failures due to the 2009 L‟Aquila, Italy, Earthquake”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 536-555.
EC 8 (2005). “Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings”, CEN–EN 1998-3.
NTC (2008). “NTC 2008 - Norme tecniche per le costruzioni” (in Italian), Ministerial Decree and Commentary, 14/01/2008, Italy.
ASCE (2006). Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings – SEI/ASCE 41-06. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va.
FEMA 547 (2006). Techniques for the seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
Borri, A., Corradi, M., Speranzini, E. & Giannantoni, A. (2008). “Consolidation and Reinforcing of stone wall using a reinforced repointing grid”, 6th International Conference of Structural Analysis of Historical Construction, 2-4 July, Bath, England.
Dolce, M., Nigro, D., Ponzo, F. C. & Marnetto,. R. (2001). “The CAM system for the retrofit of masonry structures”, Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Seismic Isolation, Passive Energy Dissipation and Active Control of Vibrations of Structures, Assisi, Italy.
