Investigating the impacts of design ductility values and importance levels on the performance of base-isolated buildings in New Zealand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1693Abstract
This study investigates the performance of base-isolated buildings designed according to the recommendations provided in the NZSEE/MBIE base isolation design guidelines. In total 16 case study buildings were designed for a site in Wellington, New Zealand, including four fixed-base buildings (for comparison) and 12 isolated buildings with various inelastic-spectrum-scaling factors, kμ (equivalent to force-reduction factors) and importance levels. The performance of each building design was subsequently assessed using the FEMA P-58 framework. Three-dimensional numerical models were developed in OpenSees to perform the non-linear time history analysis with 180 pairs of ground motions across nine intensity levels. Results suggest that the average annual rate of collapse and the expected annual loss of the isolated buildings are both around four times lower than fixed-base buildings. This study also investigated the impacts of superstructure design ductility (controlled via the inelastic-spectrum-scaling factor, kμ) and the design importance level. Results showed that a high kμ is likely to worsen the performance of the base-isolated building. For a kμ = 2, the peak storey drift demands were increased by 50% ~ 100%, whereas the peak floor acceleration demands were only slightly reduced. As a result, the expected annual loss increased. Observations showed an increase in kμ reduced the median value of the superstructure collapse fragility and could change the failure mechanism from isolator failure to superstructure failure. To improve performance, one could allow for more isolator displacement capacity at kμ = 1 or impose suitable superstructure deformation limits if a higher kμ is permitted. Lastly, the results showed that designing a base-isolated building with a higher importance level increased the peak floor acceleration demands by 50% to 60% and had a mixed impact on the peak storey drift demands. However, it did reduce the annual rate of collapse rate by around a factor of two.
References
Stanton J and Roeder C (1991). “Advantages and limitations of seismic isolation”. Earthquake Spectra, 7(2): 301–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1585630
Skinner RI, Robinson WH and McVerry GH (1993). An Introduction to Seismic Isolation. ISBN 10: 047193433X John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK and New York, 354 pp. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.1993.tb00842.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.1993.tb00842.x
Christopoulos C and Filiatrault A (2006). Principles of Passive Supplemental Damping and Seismic Isolation. 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 8873580378. IUSS Press, 480pp.
American Society of Civil Engineers (2021). “Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures: ASCE/SEI 7-22”. American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784415788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784415788
Europena Committee for Standarization (2004). “Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings”. British Standards Institution, London.
MBIE (2023). “New Zealand Building Regulations 1992”. Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Wellington. https://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1992/0150/latest/whole.html#DLM164788
NZSEE/MBIE (2019). “Guideline for the Design of Seismic Isolation Systems for Buildings”. New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering. https://www.nzsee.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2825-Seismic-Isolation-Guidelines-Digital.pdf
Iervolino I, Spillatura A and Bazzurro P (2018). “Seismic reliability of code-conforming Italian buildings”. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 22(2): 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1540372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1540372
Yang A (2020). “Seismic Performance Assessment of a Base Isolated Building”. Master Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 219pp. https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/items/52d8770d-d1d3-4c3c-93a7-cdd80c37e3d4
Cutfield M (2015). “Advanced Methods for Performance-Based Seismic Loss Assessment and Their Application to A Base Isolated and Conventional Office Building”. PhD Dissertation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 291pp. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/docs/uoa-docs/rights.htm
Bustamante R, Mosqueda G and Elwood KJ (2021). “Moat wall pounding analysis for a prototype base-isolated building”. Structural Engineering Society (SESOC) New Zealand Conference, July 5-6, Hamilton, New Zealand. https://2021conf.sesoc.org.nz/PDFs/S1%20Plenary%20P4%20-%20Elwood_Bustamante_Mosqueda.pdf
Cong Z, Chase G, Rodgers G, Kuang A, Gutschmidt S and Xu C (2015). “Performance evaluation of CWH base isolated building during two major earthquakes in Christchurch”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 48(4): 264–273. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.48.4.264-273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.48.4.264-273
Gavin HP and Wilkinson G (2010). “Preliminary observations of the effects of the 2010 Darfield earthquake on the base-isolated Christchurch Women’s Hospital”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 43(4): 360–367. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.360-367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.360-367
Pettinga D (2018). “Detailed Seismic Assessments for Christchurch Women’s Hospital and Clinical Services Building”. Report prepared for Canterbury District Health Board, Report ID: CDHB 9873, Canterbury, New Zealand, 236pp. https://www.cdhb.health.nz/about-us/document-library/detailed-seismic-assessments-for-christchurch-womens-hospital-and-clinical-services-building/
Standards New Zealand (2016). “NZS 1170.5:2004 Structural Design Actions - Part 5: Earthquake Actions – New Zealand”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 76pp. https://www.standards.govt.nz/shop/nzs-1170-52004/.
Standards New Zealand (2011). “AS/NZS 1170.0:2002 Structural Design Actions – Part 0: General principles”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 42pp. https://www.standards.govt.nz/shop/asnzs-1170-02002/
McVerry GH, Zhao JX, Abrahamson NA and Somerville PG (2006). “New Zealand acceleration response spectrum attenuation relations for crustal and subduction zone earthquakes”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 39(1): 1-58. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.1.1-58 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.1.1-58
Freeman S (1978). “Prediction of response of concrete buildings to severe earthquake motion”. Douglas McHenry International Symposium on Concrete and Concrete Structures”, Publication SP-55, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.
American Society of Civil Engineers (2017). “Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures: ASCE/SEI 7-16”. American Society of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784414248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784414248
Yeow TZ, Orumiyehei A, Sullivan TJ, MacRae GA, Clifton GC and Elwood KJ (2018). “Seismic performance of steel friction connections considering direct-repair costs”. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(12): 5963–5993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0421-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0421-x
Priestley MJN, Calvi GM and Kowalsky MJ (2007). Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures. 1st Edition, ISBN: 978-8861980006, IUSS Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00093-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00093-5
Standards New Zealand (2017). “NZS 3101.1&2:2006 Concrete Structures Standard”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 754pp. https://www.standards.govt.nz/shop/nzs-3101-1-and-22006-inc-a1-a2-a3/
Standards New Zealand (2007). “NZS 3404.1&2:1997 Steel Structures Standard”. Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 679pp.
FEMA (2018). “FEMA P-58-1, Sesimic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Volume 1 – Methodology”. Second Edition, Editors: AT Council, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., USA. https://femap58.atcouncil.org/documents/fema-p-58/24-fema-p-58-volume-1-methodology-second-edition/file
UC Berkeley. PEER: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre. https://peer.berkeley.edu/
Porter KA (2003). “An overview of PEER’s performance-based earthquake engineering methodology”. 9th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP9), July 6-9, San Francisco.
Stirling M, McVerry G, Gerstenberger M, Litchfield N, Van Dissen R, Berryman K, Barnes P, Wallace L, Villamor P, Langridge R, Lamarche G, Nodder S, Reyners M, Bradley B, Rhoades D, Smith W, Nicol A, Pettinga J, Clark K and Jacobs K (2012). “National Seismic Hazard Model for New Zealand: 2010 Update”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 102(4): 1514-1542. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110170
Bradley BA (2010). “A generalized conditional intensity measure approach and holistic ground-motion selection”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 39(12): 1321–1342. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.995
Gerstenberger ME, Bora SS, Bradley BA, DiCaprio C, Van Dissen RJ, Atkinson GM, Chamberlain C, Christophersen A, Clark KJ and Coffey GL (2022). “New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model 2022 revision : Model, hazard and process overview”. GNS Science Report, 2022/57, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 106 pp. https://doi.org/10.21420/TB83-7X19
McKenna F (2011). “OpenSees: A framework for earthquake engineering simulation”. Computing in Science and Engineering, 13(4): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2011.66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2011.66
Elishakoff I (2019). Handbook on Timoshenko-Ehrenfest Beam and Uflyand-Mindlin Plate Theories. ISBN: 978-981-323-652-3, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Singapore, 800PP. https://doi.org/10.1142/10890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/10890
Otani S (1981). "Hysteretic models for reinforced concrete for earthquake analysis". Faculty of Engineering, XXXVI(2): 125-156.
Sarlis AAS and Constantinou MC (2010). “Modeling triple friction pendulum isolators in program SAP2000”. University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 55pp. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25139669.v1
Tsipianitis A and Tsompanakis Y (2019). “Impact of damping modeling on the seismic response of base-isolated liquid storage tanks”. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 121: 281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.03.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.03.013
Anajafi H, Medina RA and Santini-Bell E (2019). “Effects of the improper modeling of viscous damping on the first‐mode and higher‐mode dominated responses of base‐isolated buildings”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 49(1): 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3223
De Francesco G and Sullivan TJ (2022). “Formulation of localized damping models for large displacement analysis of single-degree-of-freedom inelastic systems”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 26(8): 4235-4258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1826370 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1826370
Ibarra LF, Medina RA and Krawinkler H (2005). “Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 34(12): 1489-1511. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.495 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.495
Lignos D and Krawinkler H (2011). “Deterioration modeling of steel components in support of collapse prediction of steel moment frames under earthquake loading”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(11): 1291-1302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000376
Lignos DG, Hartloper AR, Elkady A, Deierlein GG and Hamburger R (2019). “Proposed updates to the ASCE 41 nonlinear modeling parameters for wide-flange steel columns in support of performance-based seismic engineering”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 145(9): 04019083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002353
Krawinkler H (1978). “Shear in beam-column joints in seismic design of steel frames”. Engineering Journal, 15(3): 82-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62913/engj.v15i3.318
Krawinkler H and Al-Ali A (1996). “Seismic demand evaluation for a 4-story steel frame structure damaged in the Northridge earthquake”. Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 5: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1794(199603)5:1%3C1::AID-TAL65%3E3.0.CO;2-W DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1794(199603)5:1<1::AID-TAL65>3.3.CO;2-N
Charney FA and Marshall J (2006). “A comparison of Krawinkler and Scissors models for including beam-column joint deformations in the analysis of moment-resisting steel frames”. Engineering Journal, 43(1): 31-48. https://doi.org/10.62913/engj.v43i1.868 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62913/engj.v43i1.868
Campbell TI, Kong WL and Manning DG (1990). “Laboratory investigation of the coefficient of friction in the tetrafluorethylene slide surface of a bridge bearing”. Transportation Research Record 1275. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1990/1275/1275-007.pdf
Ryan KL, Okazaki T, Coria CB, Sato E and Sasaki T, “Response of hybrid isolation system during a shake table experiment of a full‐scale isolated building”. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 47(11): 2214-2232. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3065 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3065
Newmark NM (1959). “A method of computation for structural dynamics”. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 85(3): 67-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEA3.0000098
McGuire W, Gallagher RH and Ziemian RD (2000). Matrix Structural Analysis. 2nd Edition, ISBN: 9781507585139, John Wiley & Sons, New York. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/books/7
Deierlein GG and Victorsson V (2008). “FEMA P-58/BD-3.8.3 Fragility curves for components of steel SMF systems”. Editors: AT Council, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., USA, 64pp.
Lignos DG, Kolios D and Miranda E (2010). “Fragility assessment of reduced beam section moment connections”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 136(9): 1140-1150. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000214
Abdullah SA and Wallace JW (2019). “Drift capacity of RC structural walls with special boundary elements”. American Concrete Institute Structural Journal, 116(1): 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14359/51710864
Feng D, Miyama T, Masuda K, Liu W, Zhou F, Zheng B and Li Z (2000). “A detailed experimental study on Chinese lead rubber bearing”. 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, January 30 – February 2, Auckland, New Zealand, 8pp.
Eem S and Hahm D (2019). “Large strain nonlinear model of lead rubber bearings for beyond design basis earthquakes”. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 51(2): 600-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2018.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2018.11.001
Nakamura T and Kouchiyama O (2012). “Behaviors of lead rubber bearing under horizontal bi-directional loading test”. 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, September 24-28, Lisbon, Portugal, 10pp.
Mori K, Nagashima G, Mori T, Muramatsu A and Ogata T (2022). “Dynamic characteristics tests of full-scale lead rubber bearing (LRB)”. 26th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, July 10-15, Berlin/Potsdam, Germany, 6pp.
Yin C, Xie L, Li A, Yang C and Wang X (2023). “Experimental and numerical investigations on the similitude effect of scaled lead rubber bearings for shaking table test”. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18: e01878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01878
Muramatsu Y, Inoue K, Katoh R, Jamitani N, Sakaguchi T, Sasaki Y, Suzuki S, Sera S, Miyazaki M and Kitamura H (2004). “Test results of ultimate properties of rubber bearings for building”. Architectural Institute of Japan Journal of Technology and Design, 10(20): 67-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3130/aijt.10.67_2
Hamaguchi H, Wake T, Yamamoto M and Kikuchi M (2019). “Practical application of lead rubber bearings with fail‐safe mechanism”. Japan Architectural Review, 2(3): 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1002/2475-8876.12087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2475-8876.12087
Ma SJ, Shin TM, Ryu JS, Lee JH and Koo GH (2021). “Experimental approach for the failure mode of small laminated rubber bearings for seismic isolation of nuclear components”. Applied Science, 12(1): 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010125 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010125
Baker J, Bradley B and Stafford P (2021). Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis. ISBN: 9781108348157, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108425056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108425056
Baker JW (2015). “Efficient analytical fragility function fitting using dynamic structural analysis”. Earthquake Spectra, 31(1): 579-599. https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M DOI: https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M
FEMA (2018). “FEMA P-58-3, Sesimic Performance Assessment of Buildings, Volume 3 – Supporting Electronic Materials and Background Documentations”. Third Edition, Editors: AT Council, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., USA. https://femap58.atcouncil.org/supporting-materials
Rawlinsons Limited (2013). Rawlinson New Zealand Construction Handbook. 28th Edition, ISSN: 0813-5207, Rawlinsons Publications, Auckland, New Zealand, 670pp.
Yeow TZ, Sullivan TJ and Elwood KJ (2018). “Evaluation of fragility functions with potential relevance for use in New Zealand”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 51(3): 127-144. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.51.3.127-144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.51.3.127-144
Shegay AV (2019). “Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Walls Designed for Ductility”. PhD Dissertation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 415pp. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/docs/uoa-docs/rights.htm
Fox M, Yeow T, Keen J, Sullivan T and Pavese A (2023). “New Zealand specific consequence functions for seismic loss assessment”. Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 57(1): 18-26. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.1642
Retamales R, Davies R, Mosqueda G and Filiatrault A (2013). “Experimental seismic fragility of cold-formed steel framed gypsum partition walls”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 139(8): 1285-1293. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000657 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000657
Jalali Y, Amiri GG and Shakouri A (2021). “Comparative response assessment of base-isolated braced-frame buildings considering effects of ductility design”. Journal of Building Engineering, 43: 103110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103110
